67 research outputs found
Effect of Modified Phospholipid Bilayers on the Electrochemical Activity of a Membrane-Spanning Conjugated Oligoelectrolyte
The
incorporation and electrochemical activity of a conjugated
oligoelectrolyte (COE) in model phospholipid bilayers have been characterized
using cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis absorption measurements.
Several other modifiers were also incorporated into the phospholipid
membranes to alter properties such as charge and alkyl chain disorder.
Using potassium ferricyanide to measure charge transport, it was observed
that bilayers that contained cholic acid, a negatively charged additive
that also promotes alkyl chain disorder, had higher COE uptake and
charge permeability than unmodified bilayers. In contrast, when the
positively charged choline was incorporated, charge permeability decreased
and COE uptake was similar to that of unmodified bilayers. The incorporation
of cholesterol at low concentrations within the phospholipid membranes
was shown to enhance the COE’s effectiveness at increasing
membrane charge permeability without increasing the COE concentration
in the bilayer. Higher concentrations of cholesterol reduce membrane
fluidity and membrane charge permeability. Collectively, these results
demonstrate that changes in phospholipid membrane charge permeability
upon COE incorporation depend not only on the concentration in the
membrane but also on interactions with the phospholipid bilayer and
other additives present in the membranes. This approach of manipulating
the properties of phospholipid membranes to understand COE interactions
is applicable to understanding the behavior of a wide range of molecules
that impart useful properties to phospholipid membranes
Modeling control and transduction of electrochemical gradients in acid-stressed bacteria
Summary: Transmembrane electrochemical gradients drive solute uptake and constitute a substantial fraction of the cellular energy pool in bacteria. These gradients act not only as “homeostatic contributors,” but also play a dynamic and keystone role in several bacterial functions, including sensing, stress response, and metabolism. At the system level, multiple gradients interact with ion transporters and bacterial behavior in a complex, rapid, and emergent manner; consequently, experiments alone cannot untangle their interdependencies. Electrochemical gradient modeling provides a general framework to understand these interactions and their underlying mechanisms. We quantify the generation, maintenance, and interactions of electrical, proton, and potassium potential gradients under lactic acid-stress and lactic acid fermentation. Further, we elucidate a gradient-mediated mechanism for intracellular pH sensing and stress response. We demonstrate that this gradient model can yield insights on the energetic limitations of membrane transport, and can predict bacterial behavior across changing environments
Using Reverse Osmosis Membranes to Couple Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells with Ongoing Fermentations
Separations
in biological systems remain a challenging problem
and can be particularly so in the case of biofuels, where purification
can use a significant fraction of the energy content of the fuel.
For small-molecule biofuels like ethanol, reverse osmosis (RO) membranes
show promise as passive purifiers, in that they allow uncharged small
molecules to pass through while blocking most other components of
the growth medium. Here, we examine the use of RO membranes in developing
biohybrid fuel cells, closely examining the case where a direct ethanol
fuel cell (DEFC) is coupled with an ongoing yeast fermentation across
an RO membrane. We show that, contrary to initial good performance,
the acetic acid produced by the DEFC readily diffuses back across
the RO membrane and kills the fermentation after a few days. We introduce
an amelioration chamber where the acetic acid is converted to acetate
ions. The RO membrane rejects the acetate ions due to their charge,
preventing acetic acid buildup in the fermentation. We also show that
some small, charged components of the fermentation such as amino acids
are imperfectly rejected by RO membranes. Because of the high sensitivity
of DEFCs to low concentrations (10s of μM) of amino acids, even
a very slow diffusion of amino acids across the RO membranes can limit
biohybrid fuel cell lifetimes
Correlated Diffusivities, Solubilities, and Hydrophobic Interactions in Ternary Polydimethylsiloxane–Water–Tetrahydrofuran Mixtures
Bulk
thermodynamic and kinetic properties of mixtures are generally
composition dependent, often in complicated ways, especially for partially
miscible and multicomponent systems. Combined <sup>1</sup>H chemical
shift, <sup>1</sup>H diffusion NMR, and surface forces analyses establish
the compositional dependences of water solubility and self-diffusion
in ternary polymeric polydimethylsiloxane–water–tetrahydrofuran
(THF) mixtures. The addition of THF significantly increases the solubility
of water, while decreasing its diffusivity, in hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane.
Minimum values for the self-diffusivities of both water and THF coincide
with a minimum in the hydrophobic adhesion energy between silicone
polymer thin films near the same binary composition of 0.20 mole fraction
THF. Such interrelated diffusivities, solubilities, and hydrophobic
interactions are analyzed with respect to hydrogen bonding among the
constituent species to account for the bulk physical properties of
technologically important mixtures of silicone polymers with water
and/or cosolvents
Understanding and Promoting Molecular Interactions and Charge Transfer in Dye-Mediated Hybrid Photovoltaic Materials
The performances of hybrid organic–inorganic
photovoltaics
composed of conjugated polymers and metal oxides are generally limited
by poor electronic coupling at hybrid interfaces. In this study, physicochemical
interactions and bonding at the organic–inorganic interfaces
are promoted by incorporating organoruthenium dye molecules into self-assembled
mesostructured conjugated polymer–titania composites. These
materials are synthesized from solution in the presence of surfactant
structure-directing agents (SDA) that solubilize and direct the nanoscale
compositions and structures of the conjugated polymer, dye, and inorganic
precursor species. Judicious selection of the SDA and dye species,
in particular, exploits interactions that direct the dye species to
the inorganic–organic interfaces, leading to significantly
enhanced electronic coupling, as well as increased photoabsorption
efficiency. This is demonstrated for the hydrophilic organoruthenium
dye N3, used in conjunction with alkyleneoxide triblock copolymer
SDA, polythiophene conjugated polymer, and titania species, in which
the N3 dye species are localized in molecular proximity to and interact
strongly with the titania framework, as established by solid-state
NMR spectroscopy. In contrast, a closely related but more hydrophobic
organoruthenium dye, Z907, is shown to interact more weakly with the
titania framework, yielding significantly lower photocurrent generation.
The strong SDA-directed N3-TiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> interactions
result in a significant reduction of the lifetime of the photoexcited
state and enhanced macroscopic photocurrent generation in photovoltaic
devices. This study demonstrates that multicomponent self-assembly
can be harnessed for the fabrication of hierarchical materials and
devices with nanoscale control of chemical compositions and surface
interactions to improve photovoltaic properties
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